By Francis Assam

Human security remains a cornerstone of every thriving society. In today’s world, insecurity is often viewed as an unavoidable reality, marked by threats on multiple fronts. Across both developed and developing nations, challenges such as natural disasters, violent conflicts, persistent poverty, epidemics, and economic downturns have resulted in widespread hardships. These challenges not only undermine peace and stability but also hinder the pursuit of sustainable development.

According to the United Nations, human security is defined as the protection of the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms and fulfilment. Human security shifts its focus from the security of the state to the security of individuals, emphasizing freedom from fear, freedom from want, and the freedom to live in dignity.

It is built on multiple pillars, including economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, and political security.

Clearly, what differentiates developed nations from their developing counterparts is their ability to address and sustain human security at an exponential level.

Nigeria, the most populous nation in Africa, has been in clear defiance of nearly every human security principle in 2024, much like in the past decade. The nation’s economy has continued to decline, exacerbating food insecurity, poverty, and unemployment. Security challenges, ranging from insurgency and banditry in the North to separatist movements in the South, have led to significant loss of lives and widespread displacement of people.

Climate change and environmental risks have added to Nigeria’s challenges, with floods, and other climate-related issues affecting millions. Above all, corruption has been a cankerworm that has infiltrated every part of the country, frustrating efforts to address human security and implement effective reforms.

NIGERIA’s HUMAN SECURITY CHALLENGES IN 2024

In 2024, Nigeria continues to grapple with profound human security challenges that significantly impact the lives of its citizens. These challenges manifest through insecurity, poverty, environmental risks, and weakened governance, creating a plethora of crisis that threatens national stability.

The issue of insecurity in Nigeria remains dire, as evidenced by banditry, kidnapping, separatist movements, insurgency, and gang-related activities. Among these, the activities of armed groups popularly known as bandits have caused nationwide despair and panic, particularly in Northern Nigeria, where they predominantly operate.

According to a recent Crime Experience and Security Perception Survey report released by the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria recorded over 614,937 deaths related to insecurity, with over 2.2 million people kidnapped and 2.2 trillion Naira paid in ransom from May 2023 to April 2024. This wave of insecurity has further displaced countless individuals and crippled economic activities.

As these developments show, the relentless nature of insecurity not only undermines the safety of individuals but also disrupts livelihoods. This, in turn, has led to a sharp decline in public trust in the Nigerian government’s ability to protect its citizens.

Also, poverty and unemployment stand at the centre of Nigeria human security dilemma in 2024. With over 33% of the population living below poverty line and unemployment pegged at 44%, increasing level of criminality have ravaged the society, with economic deprivation fostering conditions ripe for crime and violence. With one of Africa’s youngest population these conditions have driven youth to engage in cybercrime, turn to banditry and join criminal groups that offer not only financial rewards but also a sense of belonging. Thus, the economic landscape of Nigeria serves as a catalyst for the ongoing cycle of violence and instability.

Nigeria also felt the brunt of climate change and environmental disasters in 2024. Late rainfall led to a decline in agricultural activities, with the ripple effect causing widespread food insecurity. The country also experienced unprecedented flooding, the most notable being the flooding in Maiduguri, Borno State. The National Emergency Management Agency reported that over 70% of Maiduguri’s population was affected, with over 150 deaths and 1 million people displaced.

As communities grapple with the dual crises of climate-induced displacement and conflict, the vulnerability of populations continues to worsen the already dire humanitarian situation.

WAY FORWARD IN 2025

So far, 2024 has plunged Nigeria into an unforgettable reality, underscoring the urgent need to rethink its path to recovery. A cohesive approach will prove essential in overcoming the challenges and building a more secure and stable society. Addressing the country’s myriad human security issues requires coordinated efforts from all sectors of society, alongside an inclusive and people-centred strategy.

First, insecurity has thrived due to the porous borders that leave the country vulnerable to cross-border crimes, particularly in rural areas. A “see something, say something” approach should be prioritized to enhance community participation in security measures. While Nigeria is vast and diverse, communities must take responsibility for monitoring their environments and collaborating with authorities. The government, on its part, should reconsider its security strategy by establishing community policing. This decentralized system would bring law enforcement closer to the people, empowering local communities to report suspicious activities and strengthening the capacity to tackle criminal elements at their roots.

Moreover, Nigeria’s youth-driven demographic offers a unique opportunity for economic revitalization. Efforts to reduce unemployment should focus on creating meaningful job opportunities through vocational training, entrepreneurship programs, and public-private partnerships. This would not only engage the youth constructively but also disrupt the recruitment pipelines of criminal organizations. Additionally, targeted social intervention programs addressing poverty at the grassroots level would ensure inclusivity in economic growth and contribute to breaking the cycle of deprivation and violence.

Lastly, the impact of climate change on agriculture and livelihoods cannot be overlooked. Implementing climate-resilient farming practices and investing in early warning systems for environmental disasters are critical to reducing vulnerabilities. The government must also prioritize rehabilitating displaced populations by providing humanitarian aid and resettlement programs. Collaborative efforts with international partners and non-governmental organizations would bolster Nigeria’s capacity to respond to climate-induced crises effectively.

A dynamic approach that combines security, economic empowerment, and climate resilience offers Nigeria a viable pathway to addressing its human security challenges in 2025. By fostering collaboration between the government, communities, and international partners, the nation can begin to rebuild trust and lay the foundation for sustainable development.